Tag: Women's rights

The State of Women’s Rights in Iran: Institutional and Individual Violations

Posted on by Human Rights Activists (in Iran) Human Rights Activists (in Iran)

The state of women’s rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran is a critical concern, marked by systemic and pervasive violations deeply rooted in both the legal and societal frameworks. This report seeks to unpack the complex landscape of gender-based discrimination, highlighting the institutional and individual practices that significantly undermine the autonomy, dignity, and freedoms of Iranian women. At the heart of these violations lies a legal system marred by gender inequality, with laws that span from the constitutional to the civil and penal codes, all of which collectively disadvantage women in critical areas of life such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and parental rights.

Further extending its scope which published by Spreading Justice, this investigation not only examines the legal codifications but also ventures into the public domain, where regulations on modesty, public conduct, and the mandatory hijab further restrict women’s rights. By exposing the specific roles and actions of key actors within the judiciary, law enforcement, and legislative arenas, this report aims to shed light on the systemic entrenchment of gender disparities. Through detailed analysis and case studies, it underscores the urgency of addressing these profound inequities.

The Judiciary Fails to Guarantee Women’s Rights

In the intricate landscape of Iran’s human rights challenges, the judiciary plays a pivotal role, oscillating between neglect and active suppression of women’s rights. This dynamic is glaringly apparent in the treatment of female prisoners, journalists, activists, and those defying the mandatory hijab regulations. Through both action and inaction, the judiciary not only deepens the suffering of these individuals but also signals a systemic incapacity to safeguard fundamental freedoms.

The Revolutionary Court of Rasht’s recent trial initiation against twelve women’s rights advocates is a testament to this ongoing repression. On February 29, 2024, the court began proceedings against Forough Saminia, Sara Jahani, Zahra Dadras, Yasamin Hashdari, Shiva Shah Sia, Negin Rezaie, Vahedeh Khoshsirat, Azadeh Chavoshian, Zohreh Dadras, Matin Yazdani, Hooman Taheri, and Jelveh Javaheri. Charged with “membership in a group, assembly, and collusion to act against national security” and similar accusations, these individuals’ experiences reflect the broader pattern of targeting activists to quell dissent. Their arrest during a mass detainment in Gilan Province and subsequent conditional release from Lakan Prison in Rasht underline the systematic approach to intimidating and silencing voices advocating for gender equality and human rights.

The case of Roya Heshmati, penalized for her protest against the compulsory hijab with seventy-four lashes, is a harrowing example of the judiciary’s overreach. This incident, dated January 3, 2024, is a grim marker of the severe penalties imposed for perceived non-compliance with state mandates, reflecting a profound disregard for human dignity and freedom. In a text circulating social media, Roya Heshmati recalls the harrowing ordeal, “The judge said not to hit too hard. The man began to hit. My shoulders. My upper arms. My back. My buttocks. My thighs. My calves. Again, from the beginning. I didn’t count the number of strikes. Under my breath, I was chanting for the name of woman, for the name of life, the garment of servitude was torn, our dark night shall turn into dawn, all the whips shall turn into axes.”

Adding to this narrative of repression is the collective sentencing of Maryam Bani-Razi Motlagh, Abdolbagher Amani, Reza Rashidi, and Mohammadreza Rostami by Branch 116 of the Criminal Court in Qom. Their conviction to over 17 months in prison, 148 lashes, and additional penalties for not adhering to the “mandatory hijab” and allegedly hindering the state’s moral policing further exemplifies the judiciary’s stringent enforcement of conservative norms. Presided over by Judge Hossein Soltani, these sentences manifest the judiciary’s commitment to maintaining strict social control through corporal punishment and incarceration, actions that clearly violate international human rights norms.

This oppressive environment extends to the realm of journalism, where female journalists are increasingly targeted, pressured, and arrested. Among them, Niloufar Hamedi and Elaheh Mohammadi, sentenced by infamous Judge Salavati to 13 and 12 years respectively, and Vida Rabani, who received a 6-year and 15-month sentence from Judge Iman Afshari, showcase the severe repercussions for their reporting. Additionally, Saba Azarpeik faced a sentence of 2 years in prison and a 2-year ban from social media activities. The cases of Saeedeh Shafiee and Nasim Soltanbeigi further illuminate the judiciary’s harsh stance, as both were sentenced by Branch 26 of the Tehran Revolutionary Court, led by Judge Iman Afshari, to four years and three months in prison. Their sentences included charges of “propaganda against the system” and “assembly and collusion,” with additional restrictions on their freedom to engage in political and social groups and to travel abroad. These instances reflect a broader pattern of the judiciary targeting female journalists, intending to suppress dissent and control the flow of information within Iran.

The above examples highlight the judiciary’s complicity in fostering a climate of fear and repression, particularly against women challenging compulsory hijab laws and advocating for broader freedoms. The actions of judges like Iman Afshari, Abolqasem Salavati, Hossein Soltani, and others, who have imposed heavy sentences on female journalists, activists, and protestors, actively suppress dissent, limit freedom of expression, and encroach on civil liberties, reflecting a pattern of judicial conduct in Iran marked by indifference to prison abuses and a concerted crackdown on female dissent. This underscores a disturbing erosion of basic human rights and freedoms, highlighting a clear contradiction with the Executive Regulations of the Prisons Organization.

List of violators related to this section:

▪️Abolqasem Salavati:the head of Branch 15 of the Revolutionary Court of Tehran
▪️Iman Afshari:head of Branch 26 of the Revolutionary Court of Tehran
▪️Hossein Soltani:The head of the 116th branch of the criminal court NO.2 of Qom
▪️Mohammad-Reza Amouzad:the head and judge of 28th Branch of the Tehran Islamic Revolution Court

Violation of Women’s Rights within Iranian Prisons

1- Deplorable Conditions in Women’s Prisons

One illustration of the erosion of women’s rights in Iran is the conditions within the women’s prisons. Officials at the Amol prison have obstructed the delivery of many donated books to inmates, depriving them of educational and recreational resources. This situation is exacerbated by lacking amenities like libraries and entertainment facilities, such as movie players, which have not been made available to the inmates despite donations and repeated requests. This deprivation seems to stem from the behavior of prison officials and actions contrary to the directives of the Prison Organization.

2-Physical Abuse and Medical Neglect

The experience of female political prisoners in Iran paints a distressing picture of widespread abuse and neglect. Instances like that of Narges Mohammadi, who was reportedly assaulted by an official at Evin Prison‘s infirmary in September 2023 for not wearing the mandatory hijab, are not isolated. Such incidents reveal the harsh realities faced by women behind bars, especially those imprisoned for their political beliefs. Mohammadi’s ordeal began simply because she was assisting a sick fellow inmate, yet it escalated into a physical confrontation over her non-compliance with the hijab rule, as reported by HRANA. This is emblematic of the broader challenges and risks women encounter in Iran’s prisons, where adherence to strict dress codes is enforced with little regard for personal dignity or safety.

Similarly, a year prior, in the women’s ward of the Kermanshah Rehabilitation Center, the situation was no less grim. Prisoners, including Ms. Soheila Hijab, endured severe beatings at the hands of prison guards. Beyond physical abuse, these women often face medical neglect, exacerbating health complications that arise during their detention or because of prolonged incarceration. This neglect starkly violates basic human rights, underscoring a systemic disregard for the welfare of female prisoners.

Such incidents are indicative of the broader issues within Iranian penal institutions, particularly in the treatment of political detainees and the rigid enforcement of dress codes. They also highlight the ongoing struggle against compulsory hijab laws, reflecting the broader societal challenges women face, including those incarcerated, in resisting oppressive mandates.

3- Punitive Measures Against Protesting Inmates

Female prisoners, especially those who dare to protest the inhumane conditions, face punitive measures. These include but are not limited to, solitary confinement, false allegations resulting in new cases, denial of family visits, and even exile to other prisons. For example, following protests in Evin Prison, restrictions on a group of people, have been imposed, severely limiting prisoners involved the rights to make phone calls or receive family visits.

4- An increasing number of executions including of female prisoners

According To the Annual Report of Human Rights Activists (HRA), In 2023, at least 20 women were executed in Iran. One of the cases that caught media attention was the execution of Samira Sabzian Fard. Samira, a woman whose entire life was marred by the inexcusable discrimination faced simply for being a woman in Iran was a victim of child marriage, and domestic brutality, and ultimately, she was sentenced to death, and her life was taken by the state.

5- Transgender and Queer Women’s Experiences in Prison

Transgender women often experience segregation in prisons and despite legally changing their identification to align with their gender identity, transgender women face unique challenges and discrimination within the prison system. Additionally, queer women are scrutinized and stigmatized because of their sexuality. The experiences of transgender and queer women in facilities such as Qarchak and Lakan women’s wards highlight the urgent need for prison reforms to address these injustices and ensure the protection of all inmates’ rights, regardless of their gender identity or sexual orientation. These practices not only violate the principles of dignity and equality enshrined in international human rights treaties but also highlight the critical gaps in protection and respect for LGBTQ+ rights within the Iranian judicial and penal systems.

List of violators related to this section:

▪️ State prison and security and corrective measures organization
▪️ Allah Karam Azizi:the current head of Ghezel Hesar prison.
▪️ Edris Abdi: the current head of Kermanshah Juvenile Detention center
▪️ Hedayat Farzadi:the current head of Evin Prison
▪️ Soghra Khodadai:the head of Qarchak prison
▪️ Mahmoud Torabi: The head of Rasht Central Prison (Lakan Prison)

Legislation Affecting Women’s Rights

Recent legislation in Iran, ostensibly designed to boost the country’s population, cast a long shadow over the rights and autonomy of women. At the heart of these measures is a draft revision of the Penal Code that significantly escalates the penalties associated with abortion, revealing a concerted effort by the government to exert control over women’s reproductive rights and bodily autonomy. This proposed legislation not only seeks to criminalize abortion under a broader range of circumstances but also extends its punitive reach to encompass a wide array of individuals and activities related to the provision of abortion services.

Under the new draft Penal Code, the act of performing an abortion, facilitating the process, or even disseminating information about how to obtain one could result in severe legal consequences. Healthcare professionals, including doctors, midwives, and pharmacists, who are found to assist in the abortion process, could face not only imprisonment but also the revocation of their professional licenses. This aspect of the legislation places a significant burden on medical practitioners, forcing them to navigate the perilous waters between upholding their ethical obligations to provide care and avoiding legal prosecution.

Moreover, the legislation introduces penalties for those who engage in the dissemination of abortion information, targeting educators, activists, and possibly even individuals who share such information in private communications. This move effectively seeks to erase abortion from the public discourse, stifling debate and denying women access to critical information about their reproductive health options.

The implications of this legislative push are profound. By criminalizing abortion and penalizing those who support women’s reproductive choices, the government is not only infringing on women’s rights to make decisions about their bodies but also potentially endangering their health. Women seeking to avoid legal repercussions may turn to unsafe methods to terminate unwanted pregnancies, increasing the risk of complications, injury, or death.

Furthermore, this legislative approach reflects a broader attempt to control and dictate the terms of women’s existence and roles within society, reinforcing traditional gender norms and expectations. It disregards the complex realities of women’s lives, their health, socio-economic conditions, and their right to choose whether and when to have children.

The draft Penal Code’s severe restrictions on abortion in Iran implicate a wide array of governmental bodies and officials in the systemic violation of women’s rights, spanning from the legislative branches responsible for drafting and passing such repressive laws to the judiciary that enforces them through punitive measures against women and healthcare providers.

Lawmakers and legislators are directly accountable for creating laws that infringe on women’s autonomy, while judges and the judiciary uphold these laws, effectively sanctioning the suppression of women’s reproductive rights. The executive branch, including various government officials and policymakers, oversees the implementation and enforcement of these restrictions, further embedding the control over women’s bodies within the state’s legal and social fabric. Law enforcement agencies are the operational arms that execute these policies, arresting and detaining those who seek or provide abortions. Additionally, healthcare regulatory bodies exert control by penalizing medical professionals involved in abortion care, thereby restricting access to safe medical procedures. Together, these entities form a comprehensive network of control that not only restricts women’s rights to make decisions regarding their bodies but also places them at greater risk, underscoring a deep-seated violation of human rights and dignity within the framework of Iranian law and governance.

List of violators related to this section:

▪️ Amir-Hossein Bankipour Fard:the representative of the people of Isfahan in the 11th Islamic Consultative
▪️ Zohre Elahian:the representative of the people of Tehran in the 11th Islamic Consultative
▪️ Hossein Mirzaei:the representative of the people of Isfahan in the 11th Islamic Consultative

Violation of Women’s Rights by the Police and IRGC

The Morality Police, alongside the police forces and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), tasked with upholding Islamic dress codes and moral standards, have employed measures that often escalate into rights violations, including harassment, arbitrary detention, and physical abuse against women.

A notable example of this enforcement is the action taken by Hojjatollah Salari, the commander of the Seyyed al-Shohada IRGC of Hormuz. On May 3, 2023, Salar announced the confiscation of 20 electric motorcycles due to hijab violations as part of the chastity and hijab plan. This operation, aimed at addressing what was described as “the unveiling of drivers and passengers,” underscores the lengths to which the IRGC will go to enforce dress code violations, extending its reach to the confiscation of personal property.

Further exemplifying the aggressive stance on dress code enforcement, the IRGC of Hormuz Island, under Salar’s command, initiated the “Hijab and Chastity” exercise on May 8, 2023. This exercise, conducted in collaboration with local religious and Basij resistance bases, was explicitly designed to combat perceived instances of “improper hijab,” highlighting the comprehensive nature of these campaigns to regulate women’s attire and behavior in public spaces.

The repercussions of these enforcement actions were further amplified on December 24, 2023, when the a security order led to the arrest of 90 people and the issuance of verbal warnings to 380 women for “unveiling” on the beaches of Hormuz Island. The operation also resulted in confiscating personal items and sealing commercial units, illustrating the extensive measures employed to enforce moral codes.

List of violators related to this section:

▪️Moral Security Police 
▪️Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corp (IRGC) 

Violations Against LGBTQ+ Individuals

The rights of transgender individuals in Iran face severe compromises, as evidenced by reported incidents that highlight the broader pattern of human rights abuses against the LGBTQ+ community. There have been reports of coerced confessions, where individuals are pressured into admitting guilt or making statements against their will, as example Suspicious Telegram channels such as Saberian News published forced confessions of Transgender arrestees, SJ is investigating such channels close to the security apparatus. Such practices, often carried out under duress, undermine the justice system’s integrity, and blatantly violate the rights of those involved, casting a long shadow over their dignity, and exposing them to unwarranted public scrutiny and further discrimination.

Interactions with Morality Police frequently lead to the arrest or violent confrontations for transgender individuals, targeted for their appearance or identity in the enforcement of strict moral and dress codes. This aggressive oversight not only infringes upon their rights to self-expression and identity but also subjects them to potential violence and legal consequences, underscoring a punitive approach to moral regulation.

Moreover, the reluctance or outright refusal of law enforcement to file complaints from transgender victims of violence represents a significant barrier to justice. This denial not only exacerbates the victims’ plight but also signals a troubling indifference towards the safety and rights of transgender individuals, perpetuating a cycle of violence and impunity for aggressors.

Adding to this complexity, LGBTQ+ women, in particular, face added pressure following their arrest by security forces. Their sexual orientation is exploited as a tool to coerce confessions, with threats of legal prosecution and the exposure of their sexuality to their families. This unwanted and involuntary outing not only intensifies the pressure on them but also poses risks to their health and lives. The situation was particularly evident during the protests of 2022, highlighting the extreme dangers faced by those whose identities intersect with multiple marginalized statuses. Such practices paint a stark picture of a legal and social environment marked by discrimination, where the basic human rights and protections that should be universally afforded are systematically denied to the transgender community.

Conclusion

This report illuminates the profound and systemic nature of gender inequality in Iran, highlighting how a combination of legal and institutional frameworks, reinforced by specific actors across judiciary, legislative, and law enforcement domains, systematically undermines women’s rights. These entities have been identified as key contributors to a pervasive culture of discrimination and suppression against women.

For more information please contact Skylar Thompson, Director of Global Advocacy and Accountability at Human Rights Activists in Iran (HRA) skylar[at]hramail.com

Iran’s New Hijab Bill Stirs Controversy and Concern

Posted on by Human Rights Activists (in Iran) Human Rights Activists (in Iran)

Table of Contents

Iran's New Hijab Bill Stirs Controversy and Concern
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Background

Human Rights Activists (HRA) has worked to diligently monitor the escalating human rights issues in Iran over the past 12 months. The commemoration of Mahsa Amini’s tragic passing and the subsequent widespread protests have prompted Iran to intensify its crackdown on activists. This has resulted in the arrests of prominent figures, campaigners, and numerous individuals, including family members of protestors. Furthermore, recent legislative developments in Iran have raised significant alarms, drawing attention not only nationally but also internationally, particularly in light of the recently passed hijab bill. This report aims to delve into the ramifications of such legislation on the daily lives of Iranian citizens, with a particular focus on its impact on women.

In addition to our apprehensions about the enforcement of the Hijab Bill, we have closely observed the disconcerting actions of 2,500 active Basij members and 650 student Basij members over the past year. These individuals have played an alarming role in suppressing civil protests and stifling voices of dissent within universities. Moreover, this report seeks to address the broader context of discrimination against women in Iran, examining how this oppressive environment affects their rights and freedoms. By doing so, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the systematic human rights abuses occurring at various levels of society.

Objectives

The primary objective of this report is to conduct a comprehensive human rights assessment of the hijab bill and to document its wide-ranging impact on various facets of Iranian society. Equally important is our objective to unveil the repressive actions of specific Basij members, thereby elucidating the intricate connection between legislative measures and their enforcement through suppressive tactics.

Methodology

In order to maintain the highest level of precision and credibility HRA employed meticulous methodologies. These included an in-depth examination of parliamentary debates, analysis of media reports, interviews with individuals directly impacted, and a thorough review of leaked documents and internal memos. Additionally, we conducted a comprehensive audit of 2,500 active Basij members and the 650 student Basij members to meticulously document their roles in quelling protest and asses their alignment with the  principles outlined in the hijab bill

Data Collection and Sources

To gain a comprehensive understanding of the extensive reach of the hijab law and the actions of  Basij members, HRA engaged in  consultations with a diverse group of sources. This  inclusive approach encompassed government publications, articles, reports issued by international organizations, and first hand testimonies from Iranian citizens. We are committed to transparency, and as such, the annex contains the list in its entirety. It includes the 180 names encompassing members of parliament and institutions that played a role in the approval of the bill. The names of Basij members are held confidentially and have been shared with partners alongside requested action.

Bill to Support the Family by Promoting the Culture of Chastity and Hijab

Just shy of the anniversary of the death of Mahsa Zhina Amini, which ignited widespread protests throughout Iran, the Iranian Judiciary has approved a new, more stringent Hijab and Chastity bill. The original bill contained 15 clauses; however, following a rigorous amendment process by the Parliamentary Judiciary Committee, the bill has expanded from 15 articles to 70 and has been rebranded as the ‘Bill to Support the Family by Promoting the Culture of Chastity and Hijab.’ Human Rights Activists (HRA) has conducted an in-depth investigation uncovering more than 180 individuals and institutions connected to the endorsement of the bill in some form from its inception to present day. Additionally, through a thorough analysis of the available articles HRA has identified those responsible for the implementation of the bill across society once final approval has been obtained.

Where does the bill stand today?

The recent revisions to Iran’s hijab laws have led to stricter penalties for those who fail to adhere to them. These amendments encompass various aspects of public life, particularly concerning gender segregation. This is notably applicable to institutions such as universities, public offices, parks, and specific sections of hospitals. The bill, which has recently been approved by the  Judicial Committee of the Parliament, now awaits the vote by the Internal Committee to determine its experimental implementation. However, before setting the date for the implementation The Guardian Council; this unelected power council of 12 men, that recently re-elected a 97-year-old cleric, will be deciding the fate of 85 million Iranians. They are tasked with reviewing the bill’s provisions, ensuring their alignment with Islamic Law. Once endorsed, the bill will return to the parliament for the determination of its commencement date. The bill is likely to come into force early October 2023.

The vote by the Internal Committee is occurring because the Islamic Consultative Assembly of Iran convened an open session where representatives collectively decided to propose the review of the contentious “Chastity and Hijab Bill” within the internal commission, thus removing it from the public discussion arena. This step, guided by Article 85 of the constitution, led to the transfer of the bill’s examination to a dedicated group of representatives.

However, critics raised concerns about the lack of transparency, asserting that the public is being excluded from crucial discussions that significantly impact their lives. A similar approach was used for the highly contentious and draconian internet bill, Iranians are too often kept in the dark about processes containing their vital rights. Consequently, discussions surrounding the bill’s approval will not be broadcasted through mass media platforms, including the radio, television, and newspapers. Among the assembly’s 238 representatives, a majority of 175 voted in favor of this decision, while 49 expressed opposition, and five abstained.

What does the bill seek to achieve?

The issue of mandatory hijab remains a focal point, with conservative elements closely monitoring its development. In recent years, a significant number of Iranian women have vocally expressed their dissent against the imposition of compulsory hijab. Notably, the tragic death of Mahsa Zhina Amini during an arrest by the morality police triggered widespread protests across the nation. Amid the discussion of the proposal, one of its architects officially acknowledged that if debated in the public assembly session, the bill’s “non-approval” was likely due to over 1,600 amendments registered by 59 representatives. Consequently, the bill’s approval within the commission was presented as a prudent solution to address its “urgent” implementation. Earlier, a member of the Assembly’s Legal and Judicial Commission emphasized the urgency of addressing the matter, given the worsening situation, to avert an irreversible crisis that could potentially engulf the nation.

The enforcement of these laws involves a significant technological dimension, with cyberspace playing a pivotal role. The sharing of videos and photos underscores the importance of adhering to hijab regulations. To ensure widespread adherence, the Basij organization has been tasked with educating its members, referred to as Basijis, to instill the principles of encouraging good behavior and discouraging wrongdoing. This preparation empowers them to address situations involving individuals who do not adhere to hijab requirements, both in physical and virtual environments.

In addition to this alarming technological emphasis, an invasive system has been imposed, enabling citizens to denounce cases of women deviating from the mandated veil standards by submitting visual proof. This regressive approach exploits technology to expedite the enforcement of hijab laws, intensifying the severity of control mechanisms.

Scrutiny about the use of AI and other forms of technology is significant. There are serious right to privacy concerns woven into many layers of the bill itself. In scenarios involving the public application of AI, the likelihood of misuse becomes all but inevitable. The utilization of AI technology also raises concerns about its potential to impede the principle of free speech, potentially enabling control over Iranians’ online experiences. This concern is amplified by the absence of well-defined data privacy laws in Iran, potentially granting the Iranian government access to individuals’ private lives.

Evidently, the Iranian government prioritizes censorship and surveillance, demonstrating a willingness to employ extensive measures to monitor citizens, particularly targeting women. The internet stands as a vital sanctuary for many, offering a space where they can openly share and articulate their thoughts. An Iranian journalist conveyed to HRA: “Technology could potentially become a tool of oppression. Surveillance cameras, drones, and AI systems might monitor our every move, further limiting our freedoms.”

The amendments also detail penalties for businesses that fail to comply with these regulations. Article 41 outlines that a third-degree cash penalty or an amount equivalent to three months of profits from the business’s income may be imposed. This includes online activists who may run afoul of the rules. Furthermore, Article 45 pertains to the import, production, distribution, or sale of prohibited clothing items. The penalty outlined here consists of a fourth-degree cash penalty or an amount twice the customary value of the involved property. For repeat violations, the penalty can escalate up to a third-degree cash penalty or four times the customary value of the property.

Gender segregation has taken a central role in the new law, encompassing various aspects. The law advocates for the expansion of women’s universities and campuses. Moreover, hospitals and health centers are directed to uphold Sharia privacy boundaries between male and female employees and establish distinct environments for medical services. A female doctor expressed to HRA her viewpoints on the bill stating, ‘​​Medicine is about healing, without bias. This bill introduces a bias, evaluating us not for our skills but our attire’ and ‘Every day, as I don my white coat, the bill reminds me that I’m judged not for my competence but compliance’  Article 18 further mandates municipalities and village administrators not only to promote hijab awareness but also to enforce gender segregation within parks, reserving a minimum of twenty percent of such areas for women’s use. In coastal cities, these entities are additionally required to construct segregated swimming areas and address environmental health concerns along the shorelines.

Speaking with HRA, a university student remarked ‘​​The recent hijab bill leaves me deeply dismayed and heartbroken. Our prolonged and passionate protests seemed to have fallen on deaf ears. A progressive future I had envisioned for our country feels farther away now.’’

In summary, the recent amendments to Iran’s hijab laws signify more severe penalties for noncompliance, extending to various facets of public life, supported by technological initiatives and specific punitive measures for businesses. These amendments underscore the government’s resolve to enforce stricter adherence to the hijab regulations in both physical and virtual domains.

Public Opinion of Officials

Despite the stringent nature of the bill, there are parliamentary members and other government officials who perceive it as insufficiently robust. For instance, Javad Mojtahed Shabestari, a Member of the Assembly of Experts, emphasized the need to consider the perspectives of clerics and academic elites. He also called for the inclusion of viewpoints from hijab and cultural activists. Ali Moalemi, the Representative of Mazandaran Province in the Assembly of Leadership Experts and Friday Imam of Qaim Shahr, deemed the penalties to be inadequate. He advocated for corporal punishment, specifically whipping, instead of fines. Hasan Norouzi, the Vice Chairman of the Judicial and Legal Committee of the Parliament, opined that, in general, the bill demonstrated a lack of strength and favored individuals who do not adhere to the principles of Hijab.

Conversely, several parliamentary members firmly endorse the bill and are eager for its swift implementation. Mohammad Hossein Farhandi, a parliament member, expressed, “Our concern lies in anticipating the approval and subsequent enactment of this bill.” Mohammad Rashidi, another parliament member, asserted, “We should aim to promote observance of hijab, especially among the youth, by generating content that emphasizes modesty and hijab.” A comprehensive list of such endorsements can be found in the annex to this report.

Entities Responsible for Implementing the Legislation

HRA, through careful examination of the bill, has successfully identified several ministries that will be responsible for carrying out crucial executive functions. These ministries cover various aspects of society, such as Education, Industries and Mines, Interior, Science, Research, and Technology, among others that are listed below. According to Chapter 2, Article 4 of the newly introduced bill, all the aforementioned institutions have a mandate to incorporate Islamic values into their educational efforts, particularly emphasizing the significance of marital commitment and cultivating a culture of modesty and hijab. Collaboration with Islamic Propaganda Organizations is expected in order to develop and implement programs aimed at promoting a ‘family-oriented Islamic Lifestyle’ and fostering the values of modesty and hijab.

With the bill now soon to be enacted, each institution will be required to formulate operational benchmarks and evaluations within a three-month timeframe. These evaluations will then be submitted to the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution for approval. This chapter also delineates specific objectives that each Ministry must adhere to.

For instance, the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology is tasked with integrating the principles of modesty and hijab within the general courses offered by universities. The Ministry is also charged with establishing and expanding dedicated university campuses for women while advancing the concept of a family-centered Islamic lifestyle.

A teacher, in a conversation with HRA said ‘I worry for my students, especially the girls. They’re at an impressionable age, and this bill sends them a message that their choices are secondary.’. He is worried that the morality police’s influence can introduce biases in the place of learning.

Furthermore, the Ministry of Industry, Mines, and Trade is responsible for overseeing clothing production units, especially during the design and manufacturing phases. It is obligatory for them to support the establishment of permanent stores specializing in hijab essentials, with associated discounts on company fees. The Ministry is also mandated to ensure adherence to modesty principles and to arrange training sessions and workshops on family-oriented Islamic lifestyles and the culture of modesty and hijab for guilds seeking licensure.

Evidently, the comprehensive scope of the new bill encompasses various sectors of society. Numerous ministries are compelled to take proactive steps as outlined by the bill, and are deeply involved in promoting its principles within their respective domains of operation.

Unmasking Basij Members

Alongside government entities, the Basij has also been given new responsibilities with  the hijab law. The Basij is a paramilitary force of men and women under the control of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC). They play a central role in the suppression of protests. In November 2021, for example, the Basij was deployed to the streets of Tehran to crack down on protests against the government’s economic policies. The Basij reportedly used tear gas, batons, and live ammunition to disperse the protesters, and several people were killed. The Basij has been accused of numerous human rights abuses, including torture, forced disappearances, and extrajudicial killings. It has also been accused of using excessive force against protesters, including women and children.

Given the assertive character of the Basij’s conduct, the authority conferred upon them in the  Hijab bill is deeply disconcerting. The Basij serves as an instrument of the IRGC to uphold law and order, prosecute dissidents, control media censorship, and suppress protests. Without effective oversight, they possess the unchecked capacity to employ excessive force against the populace and persist in receiving commendation from the Iranian government.

The Student Basij

In addition to the Basij, the Human Rights Activists (HRA) also perceives the Student Basij as a highly influential instrument in suppressing democratic movements in Iran. This influence primarily stems from the deeply ingrained ideological indoctrination they receive during their training, which instills unwavering loyalty to the Supreme leaders and prepares them for future roles within the government and security apparatus.

Notably, the Student Basij operates officially under the command of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), a formidable entity with considerable power and sway in Iran. This university-based organization was established by the directive of Iran’s founding figure, Ayatollah Khomeini, with its central mission being the defense of the revolutionary principles and the prevailing political system. Over time, the Student Basij has gained notoriety for its involvement in violent clashes with protesters, engaging in espionage activities, and facilitating state-sanctioned repressive actions against student movements. A significant number of its members transition into prominent governmental and security positions after completing their academic tenure.

The aftermath of Mahsa Amini’s tragic death sparked widespread protests within Iranian universities, prompting the active participation of the Student Basij on campuses. Their involvement encompassed physical altercations with demonstrators, collecting student information for security forces, and aiding in the detention of students deemed dissenters. The Student Basij’s history of suppression dates back at least to 1999, marking a long-standing pattern of quelling dissenting voices.

It is important to note that a substantial number of young Iranians have been actively engaged in protesting, often using the act of not wearing hijabs as a symbol of rebellion and defiance. When examining the individuals facing death sentences as a result of these protests, a significant majority fall below the age of 30. Given the substantial involvement of young Iranians in these protests, the role played by the Student Basij becomes increasingly pivotal for the IRGC in intensifying their crackdown on these demonstrations and identifying individuals who do not adhere to new laws and regulations.

Consequences

The consequences of the expanded role of the Basij, both in the context of the hijab law and broader societal control, are deeply troubling. The authority granted to the Basij in enforcing the hijab law exacerbates concerns about unchecked power. The Basij and Student Basij have become crucial for the IRGC in intensifying their crackdown on these demonstrations. This paints a troubling picture of systemic repression and the suppression of freedom of expression in Iran, where the Basij and Student Basij play pivotal roles in maintaining the status quo.

Obligation under International Human Rights Law

Iran, as a signatory to various international human rights treaties, like the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), holds an obligation to uphold and protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of its citizens. These obligations encompass the right to freedom of expression, religion, privacy, and personal choice. According to Article 19(2) of the ICCPR, every individual holds the right to express themselves freely, which encompasses the freedom to choose their attire. Furthermore, Article 19 safeguards the freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. The freedom of religion is a deeply personal entitlement, permitting individuals to practice, exhibit, and embrace their chosen faith without intrusion, as long as it doesn’t infringe upon the fundamental rights of others. In the context of the discussion, the act of wearing a hijab, or not, must always be up to the discretion of the woman herself.

The longstanding need for reform

The introduction of Iran’s new hijab law has ignited concern for women’s rights and personal freedoms worldwide. This newly introduced bill extends its reach across all segments of society, mandating educational institutions, workplaces, businesses, and numerous other establishments to enforce its provisions, including the obligation to file regular reports. The bill infringes upon individual rights by imposing dress codes on individuals and has forced every sector of society to involve itself, specifically in the lives of Iranian women. Any legislation pertaining to personal attire should be crafted with a careful balance between cultural considerations and the preservation of individual rights. Moreover, the implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) displays a significantly more invasive method of monitoring hijab adherence. Additionally, this approach fosters an environment characterized by apprehension and seclusion.

The financial burden of non-compliance with hijab regulations falls squarely upon businesses. The all-encompassing nature of this bill ensures that women who opt to voice their dissent are systematically marginalized, rendering them unwelcome in schools, workplaces, and even healthcare facilities.

This situation, particularly as we see it play out before us, underscores the longstanding and critical need for legal reform. Civil society’s active engagement in this reform process is pivotal, giving voice to those affected and advocating for progressive changes.

The new hijab law in Iran compels women to adhere to strict dress codes, infringing upon their personal choices and freedom of expression despite the widespread calls against such enforcements. This legislation not only suppresses women’s agency but also perpetuates a culture of inequality, limiting opportunities for women in education, employment, and public life. HRA firmly believes that everyone has the right to make decisions about their own bodies, clothing, and personal beliefs.

The bill further symbolizes a broader pattern of limited gender equality within the legal framework, reinforcing discriminatory practices against women. By institutionalizing the enforcement of a specific dress code, the law reinforces harmful stereotypes and reinforces societal norms that prioritize control over personal choice. This not only disregards the diverse cultural expressions and beliefs of Iranian women but also sends a detrimental message that their autonomy is secondary to conforming to state-imposed standards.

It is of paramount importance the international community widely condemns the implementation of Iran’s new Hijab bill as its mere existence highlights the regime’s alarmingly intensified position related to the persecution of women in both law and practice.

ANNEX OF NAMES and ENTITIES

  1. Full Name: Ali Babai Karnami- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament (Babolsar)- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  2. Full Name: Abdolsamad Khorramabadi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Deputy Supervisor of the Attorney General’s Office- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Judiciary- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  3. Full Name: Hossein Shariatmadari- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: The Supreme Leader’s representative at Keyhan Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  4. Full Name: Abbas Ali-Abadi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Industry, Mining and Trade- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  5. Full Name: Abbas Moghtadaei- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  6. Full Name: Gholam-Hossein Mohseni Ejei- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Chief Justice of Iran- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Judiciary- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  7. Full Name: Abdol-Hossein Khosrow Panah- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Chairman and Secretary of the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  8. Full Name: Abdolkarim Jomeiri- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  9. Full Name: Abolfazl Amoui- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  10. Full Name: Sayyid Ebrahim Raisolsadati- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: President- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government
  11. Full Name: Ahamd Vahidi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Interior Minister- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  12. Full Name: Ahmad Hossein Fallahi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  13. Full Name: Ahmad Rastineh- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Spokesperson of the Cultural Commission of the Islamic Council- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  14. Full Name: Ahmad Salek- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the Combatant Clergy Association- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: None- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  15. Full Name: Ali Babai- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  16. Full Name: Seyed-Ahmad Alamolhoda- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Representative of the supreme leader in khorasan province, and the Friday Imam of Mashhad- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Deemed this bill to be weak and advocated for its fortification
  17. Full Name: Ali Bahadori Jahromi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Spokesman and Secretary of the Government Board- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  18. Full Name: Ali Keshvari- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Social Sciences Department of Imam Sadegh Research Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  19. Full Name: Ali Khazrian- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  20. Full Name: Mohammad-Bagher Ghalibaf- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Head of the Parliament of Iran- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  21. Full Name: Ali Moalemi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Representative of Mazandaran Province in the Assembly of Leadership Experts and Friday Imam of Qaim Shahr- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Deemed this bill to be weak and advocated for its fortification
  22. Full Name: Ali-Akbar Mehrabian- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Energy- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  23. Full Name: Ali-Morad Heydari- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the faculty of the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  24. Full Name: Mousa Ghazanfar-Abadi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: MP in 11th Islamic Consultative Assembly- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  25. Full Name: Alireza Abedi Sar Asia- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the academic staff of the Department of Fiqh and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  26. Full Name: Alireza Arafi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Director of seminaries across the country- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  27. Full Name: Alireza Monadi Sefidan- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  28. Full Name: Kazem Sedighi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Chief of headquarter for enjoining good and forbidding wrong- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  29. Full Name: Alireza Pakfetrat- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  30. Full Name: Amin Hossein Rahimi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Justice of Iran- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  31. Full Name: Amir Hossein Bankipour- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Parliament Member Representing Isfahan- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  32. Full Name: Amir Hossein Yazdanpanah- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Head of the news department of the Islamic Council- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  33. Full Name: Bahram Eynollahi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Health and Medical Education of the Islamic Republic of Iran- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  34. Full Name: Behrouz Mohebi Najm-Abadi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Representative of Sabzevar people in the Islamic Council- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  35. Full Name: Behzad Khalili- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Director of Beh-Ayandeh Policy Research and Strategic Studies Think Tank- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: None- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  36. Full Name: Behzad pourseyed- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Legal deputy of the judiciary- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Judiciary- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  37. Full Name: Seyed-Yousef Tabatabaei Nejad- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Assembly of Experts, and Isfahan Friday Imam- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Deemed this bill to be weak and advocated for its fortification
  38. Full Name: Bijan Nobaveh-Vatan- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Deputy Chairman of the Cultural Commission of the Islamic Council- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  39. Full Name: Davood Manzour- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Head of the country’s program and budget organization- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  40. Full Name: Eghbal Shakeri- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  41. Full Name: Ehsan Arkani- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  42. Full Name: Ensiyeh Khazali- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Vice President for Women and Family Affairs of the President of Iran- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  43. Full Name: Farajollah Hedayat-Nia- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the scientific faculty of the Research Institute of Islamic Culture and Thought- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: None- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  44. Full Name: Fatemeh Ghasempour- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Parliament Member Representing Tehran and Ray- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  45. Full Name: Fatemeh Mohammad-beigi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Representative of the Islamic Council- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Deemed this bill to be weak and advocated for its fortification
  46. Full Name: Fatemeh Rahmani- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  47. Full Name: Gholam-Hossein Rezvani- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  48. Full Name: Gholam-Reza Montazeri- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  49. Full Name: Habibollah Sayyari- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Coordinating Deputy of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army and the former Commander of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  50. Full Name: Hadi Beigi Nejad- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  51. Full Name: Hadi Saheb Qarani- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Director General of Islamic Propaganda of Khorasan Razavi Province- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  52. Full Name: Hasan Norouzi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Vice Chairman of the Judicial and Legal Committee of the Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Deemed this bill to be weak and advocated for its fortification
  53. Full Name: Hojjatollah Firouzi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  54. Full Name: Hossein Amir-Abdollahian- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  55. Full Name: Hossein Bostan (Najafi)- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the faculty of the research institute of the Seminary and University- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: None- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  56. Full Name: Seyed Mohammad Mehdi Hosseini Hamedani- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Supreme Leader Representative in Alborz Province- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  57. Full Name: Hossein Jalali- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  58. Full Name: Hossein Mirzaei- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  59. Full Name: Hossein Salami- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Commander in Chief of the Revolutionary Guards Corps- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  60. Full Name: Hossein-Ali Haji-Deligani- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Parliament Member (Member of Judiciary and Legal Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly)- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  61. Full Name: Jafar Rasti- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  62. Full Name: Jalil Mohebi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Expert of Majlis Research Center- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  63. Full Name: Jalil Rahimi Jahan-Abadi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Parliament Member- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Deemed this bill to be weak and advocated for its fortification
  64. Full Name: Javad Karimi-Ghodousi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the National Security and Foreign Policy Commission of the Islamic Council- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  65. Full Name: Javad Mojtahed Shabestari- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the Assembly of Experts- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  66. Full Name: Javad Naeini- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  67. Full Name: Javad Nikbin- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the Parliament’s Cultural Commission- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  68. Full Name: Javad Oji- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Oil- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  69. Full Name: Kioumars Hashemi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Sports and Youth- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  70. Full Name: Kobra Khazali- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Representative of Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch – Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Deemed this bill to be weak and advocated for its fortification
  71. Full Name: Majid Dehghan- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the faculty of Women’s Studies Research Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  72. Full Name: Mansour Arami- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  73. Full Name: Mansour Shokrollahi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  74. Full Name: Mehdi Bagheri- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  75. Full Name: Mehdi Bayati- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Chaste Life Working Group of the Council of Public Culture- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Deemed this bill to be weak and advocated for its fortification
  76. Full Name: Mehdi Jamshidi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the academic board of the Research Institute of Islamic Culture and Thought- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Deemed this bill to be weak and advocated for its fortification
  77. Full Name: Mehdi Saadati- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  78. Full Name: Mehrdad Bazrpash- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Roads and Urban Development- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  79. Full Name: Mehrdad Veiskarami- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  80. Full Name: Mohammad Ali Nikbakht- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Agriculture- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  81. Full Name: Mohammad Elahi Khorasani- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Manager of the strategic analysis project for the organization of the state of hijab- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: None- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  82. Full Name: Mohammad Hassan Vakili- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: High-level professor of Holy Mashhad Seminary- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  83. Full Name: Mohammad Hossein Farhandi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  84. Full Name: Mohammad Hossein Tahei Akardi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Secretary of the Headquarters of Enjoining Good and Forbidding Evil- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Deemed this bill to be weak and advocated for its fortification
  85. Full Name: Mohammad Javad Nezafat- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the Supreme Council of Khorasan Seminary- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  86. Full Name: Mohammad Mahdi Esmaeili- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Culture and Islamic Guidance- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  87. Full Name: Mohammad Mokhber- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: First Vice President of Islamic Republic- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  88. Full Name: Mohammad Morvarid- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Teaching at the Seminary- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  89. Full Name: Mohammad Mosadegh Kahnamouyi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: First Deputy of the Judiciary- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Judiciary- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Involved in conceptualizing and drafting the initial plan
  90. Full Name: Mohammad Rashidi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  91. Full Name: Mohammad Reza Gharaei Ashtiani- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics of Iran- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  92. Full Name: Mohammad Saeid Ahadian- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Advisor to the Speaker of the Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  93. Full Name: Mohammad Taghi Naghd Ali- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the Legal and Judicial Committee of the Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  94. Full Name: Mohammad-Ali Zolfigol- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Science, Research and Technology- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  95. Full Name: Mohammad-Kazem Movahedi Azad- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: The Attorney General of the country – Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Judiciary- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Involved in conceptualizing and drafting the initial plan
  96. Full Name: Mohammad-Saleh Jokar- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  97. Full Name: Mohammadreza Ahmadi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  98. Full Name: Mohsen Abbasi-Valadi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the scientific faculty of the Research Institute of Science and Culture- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: None- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  99. Full Name: Mohsen Pirhadi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the Presidium of the Islamic Council- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  100. Full Name: Mojtaba Tavangar- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  101. Full Name: Mojtaba Zolnouri- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  102. Full Name: Monovar Shayestekhoo- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Director of Narjes Seminary and Cultural Activist- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  103. Full Name: Morteza Aghatehrnai- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Chairman of the Cultural Committee of the Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  104. Full Name: Parvin Salehi Mobarake- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  105. Full Name: Razieh Khodaivi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Promoter of Hijab and Modesty- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: None- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  106. Full Name: Reza Daneshvar Sani- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the faculty of Razavi University of Islamic Sciences- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  107. Full Name: Reza Gholami- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the faculty of Bagher Alolum University- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  108. Full Name: Reza Morad Sahrai- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Education- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  109. Full Name: Issa Zarepour- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Information and Communications Technology of Iran- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  110. Full Name: Seyed Esmaeil Khatib- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Ministry of Intelligence- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  111. Full Name: Ruhollah Motefakerzadeh- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  112. Full Name: Saeid Montazer almahdi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: FARAJA’s Spokesperson- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  113. Full Name: Salman Eshaghi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  114. Full Name: Seyed Abolhassan Mahdavi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Temporary Friday Imam of Isfahan- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  115. Full Name: Seyed Ali Mousavi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Head of Promoting and Islamic Studies of Bagher Alolum Research Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Deemed this bill to be weak and advocated for its fortification
  116. Full Name: Seyed Ali Yazdikhah- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  117. Full Name: Seyed Ehsan Khandouzi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Economic Affairs and Finance- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  118. Full Name: Seyed-Ezatollah Zarghami- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  119. Full Name: Seyed Jalil Mirmohammad Meybodi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  120. Full Name: Seyed Mohammad Hossein Hashemian- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the Board of Directors of Bagher Alolum University and Secretary of the Specialized Council of the Seminary of the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution and Islamic Research Center of Qom Majlis- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  121. Full Name: Seyed Mohammad Hosseini- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Deputy of Parliament Affairs- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  122. Full Name: Ahmad-Reza Radan- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Commander-in-Chief of Iran Police (Faraja) – Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  123. Full Name: Seyed Mohammad Mohsen Doai- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Professor at the Seminary and University- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Deemed this bill to be weak and advocated for its fortification
  124. Full Name: Seyed Mohammad Saeidi Golpayegani- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Qom Friday Imam- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Deemed this bill to be weak and advocated for its fortification
  125. Full Name: Seyed Mohammad-Reza Mirtaj-Aldini- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  126. Full Name: Mohammad-Jafar Montazeri- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Head of Special Clerical Court, Prosecutor-General of Iran- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Judiciary- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Involved in conceptualizing and drafting the initial plan
  127. Full Name: Seyed Morteza Hosseini- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  128. Full Name: Seyed Mostafa Mirsalim- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  129. Full Name: Seyed Reza Taghavi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the Parliament’s Cultural Commission- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  130. Full Name: Mohammad Reza Jan Nesari- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Deputy Governor of Isfahan – Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  131. Full Name: Seyed Solat Mortazavi Babaheidari- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Minister of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Endorsed or approved this plan in government (executive branch)
  132. Full Name: Ahmad Beheshti- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of the Assembly of Experts- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Deemed this bill to be weak and advocated for its fortification
  133. Full Name: Shiva Ghasemipour- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Parliament Member Representing Marivan- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Deemed this bill to be weak and advocated for its fortification
  134. Full Name: Somayeh Rafie- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  135. Full Name: Zohre Elahian- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Member of Parliament- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  136. Full Name: Zohre Sadat Lajevardi- Entity Classification: Individual- Role or Position in Power Structure: Representative of the Islamic Council- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Media promoter for this bill
  137. Full Name: Administrative and employment organization of the country- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  138. Full Name: The Headquarters to Revive Enjoying Good and Forbidding Evil- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Involved in conceptualizing and drafting the initial plan
  139. Full Name: Central bank- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  140. Full Name: Chamber of Guilds of Iran- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  141. Full Name: Coordination and leadership headquarters for the implementation of the decree on modesty and hijab of the Ministry of Interior- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  142. Full Name: Cultural Commission of the Islamic Council- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  143. Full Name: Intelligence Organization of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  144. Full Name: Islamic Azad university- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  145. Full Name: Islamic Consultative Assembly- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  146. Full Name: Islamic Council of Cities- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  147. Full Name: Islamic council of Village- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  148. Full Name: Islamic Development Organization- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  149. Full Name: Judiciary- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  150. Full Name: Judiciary and Legal Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Legislature- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Support this plan in parliament
  151. Full Name: The Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB)- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  152. Full Name: Ministry of Commerce- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  153. Full Name: Ministry of Communications and Information Technology- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  154. Full Name: Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  155. Full Name: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  156. Full Name: Ministry of Economy and Finance- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  157. Full Name: Ministry of Education- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  158. Full Name: Ministry of Foreign Affairs- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  159. Full Name: Ministry of Health and Medical Education- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  160. Full Name: Ministry of intelligence of the Islamic Republic of Iran- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  161. Full Name: Intelligence Organization of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  162. Full Name: Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  163. Full Name: Ministry of Interior- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  164. Full Name: Ministry of Roads and City Planning- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  165. Full Name: Ministry of Science, Research and Technology- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  166. Full Name: Ministry of Sport and Youth- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  167. Full Name: Municipalities- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  168. Full Name: Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  169. Full Name: Presidential Office of Women and Family Affairs- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  170. Full Name: Program and budget organization of the country- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  171. Full Name: Scientific, technology and knowledge-based economy deputy of the presidency- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  172. Full Name: Secretariat of the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  173. Full Name: Seminaries Management Center- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  174. Full Name: The country’s welfare organization- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  175. Full Name: The Judicial and Legal Commission of the Islamic Council- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Judiciary- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  176. Full Name: The Organization for Mobilization of the Oppressed (Basij)- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  177. Full Name: The Organization for the Regulation of Universal Audio and Video Media in Virtual Space (Satra)- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Leader- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  178. Full Name: Trade unions- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  179. Full Name: Working group for organizing fashion and clothing- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill
  180. Full Name: Village administrators- Entity Classification: Institute- Government Branch or Hierarchical Structure: Executive branch- Key Contribution to Bill Approval: Entities required to implement this bill

For media inquiries please contact, Skylar Thompson at [email protected]

HRA calls for urgent action in response to humiliating and disproportionate sentences against Iranian women

Posted on by Human Rights Activists (in Iran) Human Rights Activists (in Iran)

Iranian women tell HRA they will continue the fight despite the government’s futile attempts to silence

Last week, despite months of strong condemnation against Iran’s treatment of women and girls, Second Brigadier General Saeed Montazeral-Mahdi released a statement declaring the return of the morality police to the Iranian streets, introducing the “Challenge with Hijab” project. The timing of this announcement is notable as it closely coincides with the one-year anniversary of Mahsa Jina Amini’s arrest and death. On September 13, 2022, Mahsa Jina Amini was arrested for allegedly not wearing the hijab “correctly”. She was held in police custody for several hours, severely beaten, and later transported to the hospital, where she died three days later. This tragic event sparked mass protests across the country for months. According to the sergeant, the morality police are tasked with preserving social norms and maintaining peace within Iranian society. He also warned that individuals who disobey the police orders will face legal action.

 In less than a week, several women have already received humiliating sentences. It appears that the regime is focused on shaming women while continuing to crack down on mandatory hijab laws, likely hoping to minimize political consequences abroad. The Iranian Court has started handing down alternative punishments, so far this has included fines, psychological evaluations, cleaning, and barring women from health and education services as opposed to jail sentences.

In recent weeks The Iranian Courts have taken a more severe stance on women who do not comply with wearing the hijab in public. A judicial official claimed that a civil activist who chose not to wear a hijab in public sought to “humiliate women and undermine their efforts to create social change.” Another official accused her of engaging in sexual promiscuity and referred to her as being affected by the “no-hijab infectious disease.” The Courts have resorted to labeling such actions as signs of mental illness and have mandated mandatory psychological evaluation for those who do not wear the hijab. This misuse of psychiatry in Iranian courts has drawn protests from four psychology associations. They argue against such practices and question the ethics of using mental health as a tool for enforcing religious laws.

For instance, Azadeh Samadi, an actress, was sentenced to attend psychological meetings every two weeks, with the claim that it is due to her mental and behavioral state. Similarly, another actress, Afsana Baygan, has received a ban from using the internet, has to write a summary of a book, and has also received mandatory psychological meetings. Additionally, a nurse in Tehran was sentenced to perform free cleaning services in a government building for 270 hours after allegedly being caught by city surveillance cameras violating the mandatory hijab law. In a worrying trend, the use of surveillance cameras as evidence in the Iranian Court systems is becoming increasingly prevalent. Another woman was sentenced to wash dead bodies for a month, as she was allegedly caught on a security camera not wearing a veil while driving. She argued that it fell off while driving, additionally, her appeal was recently rejected by the Court of Appeal. 

 Furthermore, the head of the Judiciary, Gholam-Hossein Mohseni Eje’I, has called for Special Judges to preside over mandatory hijab cases. He reiterated that hijab removal is against Sharia and the law, and he has asked the heads of general courts to appoint these special judges. 

The reinstatement of Iran’s morality police is deeply concerning and raises alarm about the potential harsh consequences for girls and women in the country. One woman expressed to HRA that the government’s re-introduction “amounts to a provocation against women.” This move indicates further regression in terms of gender rights and individual freedoms. They have become the targets of a well-organized and systematic campaign that seeks to inflict humiliation, degradation, and establish control over every facet of their lives. The morality police’s notorious history of enforcing strict religious codes has been associated with increased surveillance and restrictions on freedom of expression. Such measures can disproportionately affect girls and women, curbing their autonomy and limiting their opportunities for education, work, and participation in public life. As a result, the revival of the morality police only exacerbates gender inequality and infringes upon the basic rights and dignity of women in Iran. The use of Iran’s domestic judicial system to justify such sentences only highlights the severe need for judicial reform. 

In conversation with HRA about the ongoing situation, one woman stated: “We are compelled to engage in a struggle that has been thrust upon us, but we, as Iranian women, have shown that we are not afraid of any fight until we attain our rights.” The ongoing situation, namely the sentencing of women to humiliating and disproportionate sentences in an apparent attempt to save face internationally, must be widely condemned. Inaction is not an option. Iranian women will not stand idly by. As one woman put it:

 “The struggle for gender equality is as old as time. We, as women, have demonstrated through our unwavering belief in reaching our goals, that we are not afraid of this battle. The re-introduction of the Guidance Patrols on the streets is nothing more than a futile attempt by the government that failed to silence us last year. We will continue this fight.”

The dignity, rights, and future of millions of women are at stake. Unjust, disproportionate sentences against women and girls should be immediately reviewed and overturned. Iran must immediately heed the months-long calls by activists and the international community and respect the rights of women and girls in law and in practice.

——————

For further inquiries please contact Skylar Thompson, the Director of Global Advocacy and Accountability at Human Rights Activists in Iran (HRA) at [email protected]

From Forced Veiling to Forced Confessions

Posted on by Human Rights Activists (in Iran) Human Rights Activists (in Iran)

From Forced Veiling to Forced Confessions;
A spike in crackdowns against women in Iran 

In Iran the punishment for being seen in public without a headscarf and what is deemed ‘appropriate’ clothing includes arrest, a prison sentence, flogging or a fine. Such a “use of repressive legislation to criminalize the exercise of freedom of expression and peaceful assembly is incompatible with Iran’s obligations under international human rights law”. Historically, women’s rights activists have been arrested and sentenced to prison for protesting against what has been termed “forced veiling” or “compulsory hijab”. 

Most recently there has been a frightening uptick in crackdowns against women in Iran and  a slew of those women’s rights activists have additionally been coerced into forced confessions televised across Iranian State media after being arrested for protesting against forced veiling; a violation of the freedom from torture, the right to fair trial and due process. 

In July, a video circulated online depicting a woman harassing activist Sepideh Rashno for what she perceived as an “improper hijab”. This is common as the public is encouraged under principles of “enjoining good and forbidding evil” to police their peers on such matters. 

Rashno was later arrested. She was held incommunicado, her whereabouts unknown, until a televised confession aired where signs of physical torture were evident. Prior to the airing of her confession, HRANA reported her transfer due to possible internal bleeding–believed to be a result of physical torture. She continues to be held without access to legal counsel. 

Of those complicit in the surge in crackdowns against women there are many. However, when it comes to the later point on violations connected to coerced forced confessions, Ameneh Sadat Zabihpour-Ahmadi stands out amongst the crowd. A high ranking individual within the IRIB, she is notorious for producing forced confessions; her voice and name as producer can be seen in Rashno’s confession which aired on 31/July/2022. The IRIB is well-known for broadcasting forced confessions and show trials, this fact has been noted by numerous governments around the globe, the United Nations, and a number of human rights organizations. IRIB is a State controlled media organization; the head of the IRIB appointed by the Supreme Leader. Previous heads have been designated under Global Human Rights Sanctions regimes for this very behavior. The current head of the IRIB, Peyman Jebeli is complicit in the violations surrounding the televised forced confession of Rashno and others and as such should be held to account.  

The right not to wear the hijab is a right protected in Articles 19 and 26 of the ICCPR to which Iran is a State party. Iran, and its law enforcement leaders, are bound by the ICCPR and as such should be held accountable. In addition related acts of coerced, televised forced confessions are violations of freedom from torture and the right to fair trial and due process. These acts should be thoroughly and separately investigated. 

International Women’s Day: An Overview on Women Rights and Its Defenders in Iran

Posted on by Human Rights Activists (in Iran) Human Rights Activists (in Iran)

In many countries, International Women’s Day, celebrated on March 8, is designated to commemorate women’s historical struggle for rights, honor their sacrifices and celebrate their cultural and political achievements. The Islamic Republic of Iran, however, not only refuses to follow this path. The regime never agreed to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, and its law blatantly violates the most fundamental rights of women, including the right of women to make decisions relating to their bodies and clothing choices, as well as equal opportunities in both social and economic realms.

According to HRANA, the news agency of Human Rights Activists, in the absence of any protective laws and punishments against “honor killings”, both domestic and non-domestic violence against women is widespread. Women’s rights defenders and gender equality advocates are frequently subjected to pressure and arbitrary detention by regime security forces, leading to prosecution, unfair trials and convictions by judicial authorities. Currently, many women’s rights activists await verdicts, and others are serving sentences in prison– often in the same ward as prisoners of violent crimes, jeopardizing their safety.

According to HRANA’s Annual Analytical and Statistical Report on Human Rights in Iran, based on 90 registered reports by the Department of Statistics, at least 43 women reported physical and sexual abuse in the last year. In addition, there were 24 reported cases of honor killings, eight self-immolations, three acid attacks, and four cases where women’s rights activists were summoned to judicial and security organizations. There were 20,187 reported cases of domestic abuse against women and 13 murders. This report also details that seven women were detained for reasons related to women’s rights and at least four women’s rights activists were sentenced to a total of 282 months in prison.

It is worth mentioning that this data is merely collected from media reports. The real figures are likely much higher and more daunting, as many domestic violence cases are never reported to legal authorities.

Women’s Rights Violations

Honor Killings:  An honor killing is the murder of an individual, often a girl or woman, by a family member or relative in an attempt to restore the honor of the family. The victim’s act, such as refusing forced marriage, being the victim of a rape, getting a divorce, or adultery, is deemed traditionally or religiously shameful or dishonorable by the family or community.

In Iran’s law system, the punishment for murder is usually decided by the “blood avenger”, most often the father, as he is the first degree male relative. Consequently, the perpetrator in an honor killing is either identical to or related to the blood avenger. Thanks to this legal flaw, many honor killers get away without heavy punishment.

For example, Romina Ashrafi, age 13, was beheaded by her father in an honor killing. His father was sentenced to nine years in prison, which is considered a light sentence compared to the death penalty, normally a routine punishment for homicide in Iran.

Violence Against Girls and Women- Iran is one of the four countries in the world that has not recognized the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Through the efforts of a number of women’s rights activists, a bill known as the Protection, Dignity, and Security of Women Against Violence was approved by the government on January 3, 2021. However, when the bill was drafted in Hassan Rouhani’s first cabinet, 40 of the 90 articles of the bill were removed. Former Vice President for Women and Family Affairs, Masoumeh Ebtekar, announced that the bill was not presented Parliament for approval five months after the approval of the cabinet. Recently, Shiva Ghasemipour of the Women’s Faction in Parliament announced that the bill was handed over to the Judiciary for further review.

Bodily Autonomy- In February of 2022, the Medical Equipment Department imposed a regulation whereby pharmacies all over the country were prohibited to provide contraceptives pills without a prescription. The regulation addresses department deputies at medical universities, prohibiting them from distributing free or subsidized birth control or contraceptive implantation. It also prohibits the promotion of contraceptive pills and treatments. In an effort to implement the Rejuvenation of The Population And Support of Family bill such regulations aim to make birth control and abortion harder for women to access. These restrictions on providing contraceptive pills, contraceptive-related services and strict rules against abortion blatantly violate the inalienable rights of women to make decisions relating to their bodies and increase the risk of sexually transmitted diseases and vaginal cancer.

Forced Veiling- Among other restrictions, forcing women to wear a veil is one of the most flagrant violations of women’s rights. As UN Human Rights Council asserts, any coercion pertaining to women’s clothes signifies the blatant violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights by the government. Nonetheless, Iran’s regime, both in law and practice, not only forces women to wear a veil but also prosecutes and suppress women who oppose the compulsory veil. While Iran’s law cites punishments ranging from a fine of 50,000 tomans to two months imprisonment, citizens are in practice faced with more serious and groundless accusations such as “spreading corruption on earth” which can be punishable up to 10 years in prison. All these penalties stand in violation of Article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Right to Education- According to the Society for Protecting the Rights of the Child’s CEO, in Iran, about one million children in poor areas are deprived of school. From them, 49,000 children are barred from education due to either lacking birth certificates or being forced to work. These numbers vary wildly each year. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of children out of school tripled.

Besides poverty, lack of birth certificates and child labour, some girls are barred from school by families who are adhere to traditional norms and prejudices. In 2021, 4142 girls left school because of child marriage or family disallowance.

Cultural Rights- Iran’s regime prohibits women from dancing and singing in the public, which violates Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which asserts the right of everyone to take part in cultural activities. Despite women being legally allowed to be in sports stadiums, they face many obstructions by authorities in practice.

Marriage and Family Rights- In violation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which asserts the abolition of any gender discrimination in the law system, Iranian women are legally subjected to discrimination in many aspects of their family life, such as divorce and child custody. Married women require their husband’s permission to receive passports and leave the country.. Additionally, they do not have the right to choose where they live. The law allows the man to bar his wife from working outside the home if he considers the work in conflict with “family values”. In addition, as a duty of marriage, women are obliged to satisfy their husband’s sexual desires, arguably denying the right to consent during marital intercourse.

The UN Human Rights Council has stated that these discriminative laws violate Article 23.4 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Women’s Rights Activists

Convicted (But Not Imprisoned) Women’s Rights Activists

Tahmineh Mofidi

On January 2, 2021, women’s rights activist Tahmineh Mofidi was arrested by IRGCS intelligence agents at her house and transferred to Ward 2-A of Evin Prison On February 2, 2021, she was released on bail of 1.5 billion tomans until the end of legal proceedings. Thereafter, Branch 26 of the Revolutionary Court of Tehran sentenced her to three years and seven months in prison and a fine of 15 million tomans on charges of “acting against national security through assembly and collusion” and “promotion of sexual perversion on social media”. Based on her refusal to appeal, as well as Article 34 of the Islamic Penal Code where only the severest punishment from multiple counts is enforceable, the verdict was reduced to a fine of 37 million tomans.

During the trial, actions such as writing the stories of women who have been the victim of sexual assault, advocating for a symbolic protest against the compulsory veil known as “Girls of Enghelab Street”, and coaching without a veil were invoked to support these charges. Initially, she was also accused of “promoting impurity and indecency ” which later was changed to “promotion of sexual perversion on social media”.

Imprisoned Women’s Rights Activists

Yasaman Aryani and Monireh Arabshahi

Yasaman Aryani and her mother Monireh Arabshahi, both civil activists and outspoken opponents of the forced veil, are currently serving sentences in Kachooie Prison in Karaj City. On April 10, 2019, one day after the arrest of her mother, Aryani was arrested and transferred to Qarchak Prison in Varamin City. They both were relocated to Evin Prison on August 13, 2019, and transferred again on October 21, 2021 to Kachooie Prison in Karaj.

On August 7, 2021, each was sentenced to 16 years in prison on the charge of “propaganda against the regime” and “provoking impurity and indecency”. These verdicts were reduced for each to nine years and seven months in prison. Per 134 of the Islamic Penal Code, the severest punishment of five years and six months is enforceable. Arabshahi is still imprisoned and denied adequate medical treatment, despite being certified intolerant of punishment, and both an endocrinologist and neurologist asserting her need for lumbar disc and thyroid surgery.

On February 23, Aryani, who is co-housed with prisoners of violent crimes, was beaten by some fellow prisoners.

Saba Kord Afshari and Raheleh Ahmadi

Civil activists Saba Kord Afshari and her mother Raheleh Ahmadi were arrested on June 1 and July 10 2019, respectively. On August 27, 2019, Afshari was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment on the charge of “promoting corruption and obscenity by appearing without a headscarf in public”, one year and six months on the charge of “propaganda against the regime” and seven years and six months on the charge of “assembly and collusion to act against national security”, totaling 24 years imprisonment.

This verdict was increased two and half times more due to a previous record, before finally being corrected in March of last year and reduced from 15 years to 7 years and 6 months. Per Article 134 of the Islamic Penal Code, the severest punishment of seven years and six months is enforceable.

On January 26, 2021, she was violently relocated from Ward 8 to Ward 6 of Qarchak Prison. Currently, she is held in the same ward as prisoners of violent crimes, which violates Iran prison rules.

On December 10, 2019, Ahmadi was sentenced to three years and six months in prison on charges of “assembly and collusion against national security through collaboration with anti-regime media” and eight months on the charge of “propaganda against the regime”. Ahmadi was granted medical furlough after contracting COVID-19 on February 16. Afshari was also granted short term furlough one day after she was beaten by a prisoner of violent crime on February 20, and was therefore able to meet her mother on furlough.

Aliye Motallebzadeh

On November 26, 2016, Aliye Motallebzadeh, photographer and women’s rights defender, was arrested during her appearance at the Ministry of Intelligence office after phone summons. She was detained in Ward 209 at the Ministry of Intelligence’s disposal until December 19 2016, when she was released on bail of 300 million tomans until the end of legal proceedings.

The Revolutionary Court of Tehran sentenced her to three years imprisonment for the charges of “assembly and collusion against national security” and “propaganda against the regime.” This verdict was upheld by Branch 36 of the Court of Appeals.

On October 11, 2020, Motallebzadeh was sent to Evin Prison to serve her sentence after appearing at Evin Courthouse. On January 10, she was transferred to Qarchak Prison in Varamin City to serve the rest of her sentence in exile. On February 23, she was granted medical furlough after contracting COVID-19.

Women’s Rights Activists Who Are Awaiting Imprisonment

Nahid Shaghaghi, Akram Nasirian, Maryam Mohammadi and Asrin Darkaleh

All four activists were arrested by security forces; Akram Nasirian on April 29, 2019, Nahid Shaghaghi on May 15, 2019, Maryam Mohammadi on July 8, 2019 and Asrin Darkaleh on July 28, 2019. They all were released on bail from May to August. Branch 24 of the Revolutionary Court of Tehran, headed by Judge Iman Afshari, sentenced the activists to a total of 16 years and 8 months imprisonment. Per Article 134 of the Islamic Penal Code, the severest punishment of three years sentence on one count was enforceable for each. This was later reduced on appeal to two years and three months each. Recently, they were summoned by the Executive Unit of Evin Courthouse to serve their sentences.

Raha (Raheleh) Askarizadeh

On November 28, 2019, journalist, photographer and women’s rights activist Raha (Raheleh) Askarizadeh was arrested at Imam Khomeini International Airport while leaving the country. On December 31 of that year, she was released on bail until the end of legal proceedings. Initially, the Revolutionary Court of Tehran sentenced her to two years imprisonment, a two year ban from leaving the country and a two year prohibition from political activities in media, political groups and social media. The verdict was upheld on appeal. In April of 2021, she was summoned by the Executive Unit of Evin Courthouse to serve her sentence.

Najmeh Vahedi and Hoda Amidi

On September 1, 2018, women’s rights activists, Najmeh Vahedi and Hoda Amidi were arrested by IRGC intelligence agents and then released on bail in November of that year. For the charge of “collaboration with the hostile country (U.S.) against the regime regarding women and family issues”, the Revolutionary Court of Tehran sentenced Hoda Amidi to eight years imprisonment, two years prohibiti

on of membership in political groups and parties, prohibition of political activities in media and on the internet, two years ban from leaving the country, two years prohibition of the exercise of the profession as a lawyer. For the same charge, Najmeh Vahedi was sentenced to seven years imprisonment, two years prohibition of membership in political groups and parties, prohibition of political activities in media and on the internet, two years ban from leaving the country.

These verdicts were upheld on appeal. Running the educational workshops for women on setting out preconditions in marriage such as having the right to divorce (in order to restore the denied rights on divorce for women), was invoked during the trial as examples of the above-mentioned charges.

Atsa Ahmadai Rafsanjani

On January 20, 2019, the Baha’i resident of Tehran was arrested by security forces at her house and transferred to a solitary confinement cell in Ward 241 of Evin Prison at the disposal of the Judiciary’s counterintelligence. On March 6, 2019, she was released on bail of 200 million tomans until the end of legal proceedings. In May 2021, Branch 26 of the Revolutionary Court of Tehran sentenced her to four years imprisonment on the charge of “formation of a group to act against national security through registering an NGO on women empowerment”, three years in prison on the charge of “assembly and collusion to act against national security”, and one year in prison on the charge of “propaganda against the regime”.

She was condemned for the first charge despite the Ministry of Interior had already rejecting her request to form an NGO due to being Baha’i. If the verdict is upheld on appeal, four years imprisonment for the first count is enforceable per Article 134 of the Islamic Penal Code.

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For further inquiries please contact Skylar Thompson, Senior Advocacy Coordinator Human Rights Activists in Iran (HRA) at [email protected]