Introduction
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), or Sepah-e
Pasdaran-e Enghelab-e Eslami, was founded in 1979 following the Islamic
Revolution in Iran. Established by the order of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini,
the IRGC has grown from a revolutionary militia to one of the most powerful
institutions in Iran, wielding significant political, economic, and military
influence. This article delves into the history of the IRGC, examining its
formation, evolution, and contemporary role in Iranian society and beyond.
Formation and Early Years
The Islamic Revolution of 1979
The IRGC was born out of the political and social upheaval
of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, which overthrew the Pahlavi monarchy. The
revolution aimed to replace the pro-Western monarchy with an Islamic Republic
guided by the principles of Velayat-e Faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic
Jurist). Ayatollah Khomeini, the revolution’s leader, envisioned the IRGC as a
force to protect the new Islamic order.
Establishment of the IRGC
In May 1979, the IRGC was officially established through a
decree by Ayatollah Khomeini. Its mission was to act as a counterbalance to the
regular military, which was perceived as loyal to the Shah. The IRGC’s early
mandate included defending the revolution, suppressing internal dissent, and
promoting the Islamic Republic’s ideology.
The IRGC initially operated as a loosely organized
paramilitary force, composed of various revolutionary groups. Over time, it
became more structured, with its own hierarchy, training programs, and
specialized units.
The Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988)
Role in the War
The Iran-Iraq War was a defining period for the IRGC. When
Iraq invaded Iran in 1980, the IRGC played a crucial role in defending the
country. Unlike the regular military, which was better equipped and trained,
the IRGC relied on ideological fervor and unconventional warfare tactics,
including the use of basij militias—volunteer forces composed of young
and untrained recruits.
The war not only solidified the IRGC’s role as a key
military force but also elevated its political influence. By the end of the
war, the IRGC had established itself as a parallel military structure to the
regular armed forces, with substantial autonomy.
Post-War Expansion and Economic Influence
Diversification into the Economy
After the war, the IRGC expanded its role beyond military
affairs, venturing into Iran’s economy and infrastructure development. The IRGC
established the Khatam al-Anbiya Construction Headquarters, which became one of
the largest engineering and construction firms in Iran. This allowed the IRGC
to control significant sectors of the economy, including oil, gas, and
telecommunications.
Through its economic activities, the IRGC gained immense
wealth and influence, becoming a key player in Iran’s political and economic
landscape.
Political Influence
The IRGC’s influence in politics grew significantly after
the Iran-Iraq War. Many former IRGC commanders transitioned into political
roles, with some holding key positions in the government. The IRGC also played
a pivotal role in suppressing internal dissent, particularly during periods of
political unrest, such as the 2009 Green Movement protests.
Regional and International Activities
Support for Proxy Groups
The IRGC has been instrumental in shaping Iran’s regional
strategy, primarily through its Quds Force, which is responsible for
extraterritorial operations. The Quds Force has supported various non-state
actors across the Middle East, including Hezbollah in Lebanon, Hamas in
Palestine, and Shia militias in Iraq and Syria. These groups have been central
to Iran’s strategy of projecting power and countering U.S. and Israeli
influence in the region.
Involvement in Syria and Iraq
The IRGC played a critical role in supporting the Assad
regime during the Syrian Civil War. It provided military training, advisory
support, and coordinated the deployment of allied militias from Iraq,
Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Similarly, in Iraq, the IRGC helped organize and
train Shia militias to combat ISIS and exert influence over Iraqi politics.
Sanctions and Designation as a Terrorist Organization
International Sanctions
The IRGC’s activities have made it a target of international
sanctions. The United States, the European Union, and other countries have
imposed sanctions on the IRGC for its involvement in terrorism, human rights
abuses, and ballistic missile development.
Designation as a Terrorist Organization
In 2019, the U.S. designated the IRGC as a Foreign Terrorist
Organization (FTO), marking the first time a government’s military entity
received such a designation. This move was part of a broader strategy to
pressure Iran economically and diplomatically.
Domestic Suppression and Human Rights Concerns
The IRGC has played a significant role in domestic
repression, including crackdowns on political activists, journalists, and
ethnic minorities. Its Intelligence Organization, separate from Iran’s Ministry
of Intelligence, has been involved in monitoring and suppressing dissent within
the country.
Conclusion
From its origins as a revolutionary militia to its current
status as a powerful political, military, and economic force, the IRGC has been
central to Iran’s modern history. Its influence extends beyond Iran’s borders,
shaping regional dynamics and drawing international scrutiny.
The IRGC remains a complex institution, embodying both the
revolutionary ideals of 1979 and the pragmatic power politics of modern Iran.
Understanding its history is crucial to comprehending Iran’s domestic and
foreign policies.
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